The age of the theatre
Set-design, mechanical stage-sets, costumes, sound and lighting all created the illusion of magic. Set-design, mechanical stage-sets, costumes, sound and lighting all created the illusion of magic, providing entertainment and the opportunity to stage propaganda. Classical set-design was based on the Vitruvian system of genres: palace scenery for tragedy; a city view, streets or other venues for comedy; a bosco (a scene in the woods) and a landscape for pastoral or satiric plays. However, although theatre buildings were adapted for the new challenges posed by modern set-design or innovative theatrical machinery, both court and civil theatres did have more or less the same stylistic sections: stage (stage-sets, machinery); proscenium arch (if at all, separating the audience from the stage); and seating arrangements (U-shaped, horseshoe or oval) for the audience (parterre). This comprised rows of boxes (for the noble owner of a court theatre with a magnificent balcony), and a gallery (in public theatres, tiers of seats were for all social classes: high society was seated in the lower-gallery boxes; the upper- and upper-middle classes were in the galleries above and the lower classes were in the pit.
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Old Residence Theatre
View of the Auditorium
1751–1753
Munich historic centre, Munich Residenz, Upper Bavaria, Germany
Architectural concept: François de Cuvilliés the Elder (1695–1786); head of construction: Leonhard Matthäus Gießl (1707–1785), François de Cuvilliés the Younger (1731–1777), Carl Albert von Lespilliez (1723–1796); stucco and former fresco: Johann Baptist Zimmermann (1680–1758); sculptures: Johann Baptist Straub (1704–1784) and workshop, Joachim Dietrich (1690–1735); joinery/ornamental carvings: Adam Pichler (c. 1690–1761); former stage construction: Giovanni Paolo Gaspari (1712–1775)
In this amazing horseshoe-shaped auditorium, the splendid princely box that served the Bavarian prince electors is embraced by 24 balconies in four rows. The audience is seated according to social status and rank: in the ground-floor boxes is the city nobility; on the first floor the court aristocracy; on the second floor the lower-ranking noblemen; and in the third circle, at the top, are the court officials.
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